雅思(ielts)寫(xiě)作高分談：思辨性思維的運(yùn)用

　　英語(yǔ)應(yīng)試類的寫(xiě)作方法在中國(guó)范圍內(nèi)的辯論已經(jīng)持續(xù)了很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間。辯論的雙方一邊大聲疾呼句子復(fù)雜的重要性，一邊也不遺余力地在呼吁文章必須言之有物。其實(shí)兩者皆為英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作的要素，并不矛盾，只不過(guò)是在不同考試中強(qiáng)調(diào)的重點(diǎn)不同罷了。如果對(duì)于這個(gè)問(wèn)題看不透徹，也就無(wú)法解釋為什么有的考生GRE寫(xiě)作可以考到5分(滿分6分)而相對(duì)簡(jiǎn)單許多的IELTS寫(xiě)作卻只能拿到一個(gè)普通的6分(滿分9分)而已了。由此可見(jiàn)看清考試本質(zhì)的重要性。

　　在筆者所接觸的英語(yǔ)考試(TOEFL, IELTS, GRE, SAT)中可以感覺(jué)到非常明顯的區(qū)別。GRE和SAT的考試由于是主要針對(duì)母語(yǔ)是英語(yǔ)的考生，因此其考試性質(zhì)已不僅僅在語(yǔ)言層面，而在更大程度上考查考生的思維，要求文章在語(yǔ)言基礎(chǔ)上體現(xiàn)思辨性，需要言之有物。而TOEFL和IELTS的考試性質(zhì)不同，它們是對(duì)于母語(yǔ)非英語(yǔ)的考生的語(yǔ)言考試，因而從某種程度上來(lái)說(shuō)更加注重語(yǔ)言本身的正確性和駕馭能力，對(duì)于思辯的考察幾乎都沒(méi)有列入正式的評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。

　　那么，是否可以說(shuō)明IELTS的寫(xiě)作應(yīng)當(dāng)忽略思維的練習(xí)呢？當(dāng)然不是。

　　在筆者接觸的中國(guó)考生中，雅思寫(xiě)作的難點(diǎn)不僅僅在語(yǔ)法和措詞，更重要的一點(diǎn)是思維的基本邏輯。這里筆者用了“基本邏輯”以區(qū)分前文中的“思辨性”。兩者區(qū)別在于后者的程度深要求高難度大，而前者只是文章基本通順的要求罷了。換言之，前者是logically make sense, 后者是make logical wonder. 但是令人擔(dān)憂的是，有時(shí)候即使請(qǐng)很多中國(guó)學(xué)生用中文寫(xiě)作雅思作文，仍然會(huì)感覺(jué)其文章論證邏輯混亂，上下文聯(lián)系不緊，甚至出現(xiàn)理屈詞窮的尷尬場(chǎng)面。因此筆者認(rèn)為，在國(guó)內(nèi)鋪天蓋地的英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作模板泛濫之際，這是研究寫(xiě)作，尤其是英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作的學(xué)生和老師都應(yīng)該轉(zhuǎn)變思想的時(shí)候了。試想，如果拿幾個(gè)作文模板就能夠走遍天下都不怕， 如果這不是此種考試的悲哀，那么一定是這種語(yǔ)言的悲哀。況且，如果中國(guó)的雅思考生邏輯思維能力普遍薄弱，那么我們就應(yīng)該跳過(guò)英語(yǔ)的層面去看到思維上的巨大漏洞。亡羊補(bǔ)牢，為時(shí)不晚。

　　為彌補(bǔ)這一弱點(diǎn)，教育工作者應(yīng)該做的事有很多，比如說(shuō)在中小學(xué)階段就應(yīng)該強(qiáng)調(diào)寫(xiě)作和日�？谡Z(yǔ)中的邏輯問(wèn)題，因?yàn)樗季S模式的形成和發(fā)展總是和大的環(huán)境和教育模式有關(guān)。這是一個(gè)長(zhǎng)期的工作，但是意義深遠(yuǎn)。畢竟，一個(gè)民族的思考方式的提升代表著一個(gè)民族的提升。這是比英語(yǔ)水平提高和留學(xué)成功率更加緊迫和重要的事情。當(dāng)然，這些不是本文討論的重點(diǎn)。

　　作為普通的“烤鴨”來(lái)說(shuō)，又應(yīng)該如何在有限的備考時(shí)間內(nèi)鍛煉基本思維和邏輯呢？

　　首先，了解基本邏輯，避免常見(jiàn)錯(cuò)誤。

　　其次，關(guān)注社會(huì)現(xiàn)象，積累基本常識(shí)。

　　最后，瀏覽往年考題，多做提綱訓(xùn)練。(一)了解基本邏輯，避免常見(jiàn)錯(cuò)誤

　　要了解基本邏輯錯(cuò)誤一定不能錯(cuò)過(guò)一篇英文小品文Love Is A Fallacy，這里僅列舉出十種最常見(jiàn)的邏輯錯(cuò)誤。

　　1.草率前提 (Dicto Simpliciter)

　　例如：Women are on average not as strong as men and less able to perform well politically. Therefore, women can't pull their weight in government work.

　　點(diǎn)評(píng)：雖然女性確實(shí)在政界擔(dān)任較少工作，但這不意味著女性群體中所有的人都是這樣。

　　2.過(guò)度概化 (Hasty Generalization)

　　例如：McDonald's and KFC offer foods with little nutrition, and thus we cannot expect any fast food restaurant to provide us with nutritious foods.

　　點(diǎn)評(píng)：兩個(gè)個(gè)例不足以推出一個(gè)真理。

　　3.因果顛倒 (Post Hoc)

　　例如：Most young criminals watch violent movies before they commit their crimes; obviously, violent movies lead to juvenile delinquency.

　　點(diǎn)評(píng)：甲事情發(fā)生在乙事情之前，這并不代表著先發(fā)生的甲事情就是后發(fā)生的乙事情的原因。

　　4.矛盾前提 (Contradictory Premises)

　　例如：If God can do everything, can he make a stone so heavy that he can't carry?

　　點(diǎn)評(píng)：前提條件中就有相互矛盾的地方，結(jié)論當(dāng)然是錯(cuò)誤的。

　　5.感性論證 (Ad Misericordiam)

　　例如：Think of all the poor, starving African children! How could rich countries be so cruel as not to help them?

　　點(diǎn)評(píng)：抒情是不能當(dāng)作論證的。

　　6.錯(cuò)誤類比 (False Analogy)

　　例如：Young children are like flowers---flowers should stay away from terrible weather to grow, so children need to get rid of everything negative.

　　點(diǎn)評(píng)：孩子和花朵的區(qū)別太大。成長(zhǎng)的過(guò)程也太復(fù)雜。最好不要用這兩者來(lái)類比。

　　7.虛假假設(shè) (Hypothesis Contrary to Fact)

　　例如：If TV were not invented, today people would never have such wonderful entertainment brought by TV.

　　點(diǎn)評(píng)：因?yàn)殡娨曇呀?jīng)被發(fā)明了，對(duì)于過(guò)去的否定假設(shè)后所得出的結(jié)論都是邏輯上的錯(cuò)誤結(jié)論。

　　8.無(wú)關(guān)轉(zhuǎn)移 (Red Herring)

　　例如：Many people say we need to exploit the outer space, a point which I believe is wrong, because there are so many poor people on Earth who hardly make ends meet.

　　點(diǎn)評(píng)：有一個(gè)問(wèn)題沒(méi)解決并不代表著另一個(gè)問(wèn)題不值得解決。

　　9.從眾錯(cuò)誤 (Bandwagon)

　　例如：Everyone says it is justified to learn a second language so we must learn one.

　　點(diǎn)評(píng)：人人都說(shuō)，或者大多數(shù)都說(shuō)，這并不意味著該觀點(diǎn)正確。

　　10.滑坡謬誤 (Slippery slope)

　　例如：If we don't care about the environment, the world will die in 50 years.

　　點(diǎn)評(píng)：從環(huán)境問(wèn)題到世界滅亡，中間有無(wú)數(shù)環(huán)節(jié)未提供論證。(二)瀏覽往年考題，多做提綱訓(xùn)練

　　這里列出2008年1月到7月全部考題，以供大家參考復(fù)習(xí)。最好分別列出提綱訓(xùn)練組織文章結(jié)構(gòu)的能力。

　　2008年1月10日

　　Some people believe that time spent on television, video and computer games can be valuable for children. Others believe this has negative effects on a child. Discuss both views and give your own opinion.

　　2008年1月12日

　　Some people believe that in order to reduce crime, prisoners should be given longer prison sentence while other people think there are other alternative ways. Discuss the both viewpoints and give your opinion.

　　2008年1月19日

　　Old generations often hold some traditional ideas on the correct way of life, thinking and behavior. However, some people argue that older ideas are not helpful for the younger generation in preparing for the modern life in the future.

　　To what extent do you agree of disagree?

　　2008年1月26日

　　In countries where there is a high rate of unemployment, most pupils should be offered only primary education. There is no point in offering secondary education to those who have no hope of finding a job. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this statement?

　　2008 年2月2日

　　Some people think it is acceptable to use animals for the benefit of the human beings. Some people think it is wrong to exploit animals for the human purposes. What is your opinion?

　　2008年2月14日

　　People living in big cities face many problems today. What are the problems? Should the government encourage people to live in regional towns？

　　2008年2月16日

　　An American film actor John Wayne said: "Tomorrow is the most important thing in life."

　　How important it is to thinking about the future rather than focus on the present, for individuals and for the society?

　　What’s your opinion?

　　2008年2月23日

　　There is a possibility for any country to buy a wide variety of foods from other places all over the world. To what extent do you agree that the benefit of this development outweigh the drawback?

　　2008年3月1日

　　The government thinks that education system should be up to date. Following are a list of the subjects taught in school. Which two do you think are the most important subjects and which one is the least important to the young people?

　　Literature Sports

　　Mathematics Economics

　　Physics Music

　　Psychology History

　　Geography Foreign languages

　　2008年3月8日

　　Some people think that young people (children and teenagers) can easily learn foreign languages; others believe that adults are more successful in it. Discuss both and give your opinion.

　　As the number of cars increases, more money has to be spent on road systems. Some people think the government should pay for this. Others, however, think that the car users should cover the costs. Discuss both these views and give your own opinion

　　2008年3月13日

　　People should look after their health to the society they live in rather than only own personal benefits. To what extent do you agree or disagree?

　　2008年4月5日

　　Long distance flight uses more fuel than car and brings pollution to the environment. We should discourage non-essential flight rather than limit the use of car. To what extent do you agree or disagree?

　　2008年4月12日

　　More working people are busy working and do not have enough time to spend with their family and friends. Why does this happen? What are the possible effects of these on family life and society as a whole?

　　2008年5月10日

　　Children learn things from TV easily. Some people suggest that they should be encouraged to watch TV regularly both at home and at school. To what extent do you agree or disagree?

　　2008年5月22日

　　Some people think that schools should concentrate on academic classes. They think music and sports classes are not useful. To what extent do you agree or disagree?

　　2008年6月14日

　　Cheap air travel is welcomed because some people think it will give ordinary people more freedom to travel by air. However, others suggest that air travel should be more expensive as it causes environmental problems, in order to discourage people from traveling by air.

　　Discuss both views and present yours.

　　2008年6月16日

　　In many countries, traditional foods are being replaced by international fast foods. This is having a negative effect on both families and societies. To what extent do you agree or disagree?

　　2008年6月28日

　　Mobile phones and the Internet are useful for old people. However, this section of population is the least users of Mobile phones and the Internet.

　　What do you think mobile phones and the Internet used by old people?

　　How to encourage old people to use mobile phones and the internet?

　　2008年7月5日

　　Nowadays, more university students choose to study some practical subjects (such as marketing, computer programming, etc.), instead of theoretical subjects (such as economy, math, chemistry). Some people suggest that universities should focus on practical subjects, but not theoretical subjects.

　　To what extent do you agree or disagree?

　　2008年7月12日

　　Some people support development in agriculture, such as factory farming and scientific create of new type of fruits and vegetables. Some people opposite it and support other development.

　　Discuss both views and give your opinion.

　　2008年7月24日

　　Some people think that we are more independent on each other in the world now, while others suppose that we are more dependent of each other.

　　Discuss both views and give your reasons.

　　2008年7月26日

　　Some people think international cooperation has brought benefits to world environment protection, while some people think more benefits has been brought to international business.

　　Discuss both views and give your own opinion